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Nivolumab, an immunotherapy drug, has been described as a potential “game-changer” in promising results presented at the European Cancer Congress.

In a study of head and neck cancer, more patients taking the drug survived for longer compared with those who were treated with chemotherapy.

In another study, combining nivolumab with another drug shrank tumors in advanced kidney cancer patients.

Immunotherapy works by harnessing the immune system to destroy cancer cells.nivolumab-cancer-treatment

Advanced head and neck cancer has very poor survival rates.

In a trial of more than 350 patients, published in the New England Journal of Medicine, 36% treated with nivolumab (Opdivo) were alive after one year compared with 17% who received chemotherapy.

Patients also experienced fewer side effects from immunotherapy.

The benefits were more pronounced in patients whose tumors had tested positive for HPV (human papillomavirus). These patients survived an average of 9.1 months with nivolumab and 4.4 months with chemotherapy.

Normally, this group of patients are expected to live less than six months.

Early data from a study of 94 patients with advanced kidney cancer showed that the double hit of nivolumab and ipilimumab resulted in a significant reduction in the size of tumors in 40% of patients.

Of these patients, one in 10 had no sign of cancer remaining.

This compares with 5% of patients showing tumor reduction after standard therapy.

Nivolumab and ipilimumab both work by interrupting the chemical signals that cancers use to convince the immune system they are healthy tissue.

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Michael Douglas did not say he developed throat cancer because of a HPV infection, his publicist has said.

Michael Douglas, 68, who was diagnosed with cancer three years ago, was quoted as telling The Guardian his strain of cancer had been caused by HPV (human papillomavirus).

But in a statement Michael Douglas’ spokesman sought to clarify that the actor was not talking about his own cancer.

The World Health Organization (WHO) says HPV can cause cancer of the head and neck.

In his statement on Monday, Allen Burry said: “No. He [Michael Douglas] did not say oral s** was the cause of his cancer.”

The publicist referred to medical evidence linking oral s** to head neck cancer, adding “but [Michael Douglas] did not say it was the cause to his specific cancer”.

Michael Douglas was diagnosed with throat cancer in 2010

Michael Douglas was diagnosed with throat cancer in 2010

The Guardian stood by its story, releasing audio of the interview.

In the newspaper’s article on Sunday, Michael Douglas was asked if, given his illness, he regretted his years of smoking and drinking.

Michael Douglas was quoted as saying: “No. Because without wanting to get too specific, this particular cancer is caused by HPV, which actually comes about from cunni***gus.”

The actor continued: “I did worry if the stress caused by my son’s incarceration didn’t help trigger it. But yeah, it’s a s**ually transmitted disease that causes cancer.”

Michael Douglas’ illness is now in remission, following treatment.

His son, Cameron, is serving a prison sentence for d**g possession and dealing.

Michael Douglas, who is married to Welsh actress Catherine Zeta-Jones, was treated in the early 1990s for an addiction which some at the time claimed to be s**.

Michael Douglas himself denied this and said he was in rehab for alcohol abuse.

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