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Thanksgiving did not become a national holiday in the US until the fall of 1863, when President Abraham Lincoln issued a proclamation declaring that the last Thursday in November would be a day of national thanksgiving.

While Abraham Lincoln issued the proclamation, credit for making Thanksgiving a national holiday should go to Sarah J. Hale, the editor of Godey’s Lady’s Book, a popular magazine for women in 19th century America.

Sarah J. Hale, who campaigned for years to make Thanksgiving a nationally observed holiday, wrote to Abraham Lincoln on September 28, 1863 and urged him to issue a proclamation. Sarah J. Hale mentioned in her letter that having such a national day of Thanksgiving would establish a “great Union Festival of America.”

With the United States in the depths of the Civil War, perhaps Abraham Lincoln was attracted to the idea of a holiday unifying the nation. At that time Abraham Lincoln was also contemplating delivering an address on the purpose of the war which would become the Gettysburg Address.

Abraham Lincoln wrote a proclamation, which was issued on October 3, 1863. The New York Times published a copy of the proclamation two days later.

The idea seemed to catch on, and the northern states celebrated Thanksgiving on the date noted in Abraham Lincoln’s proclamation, the last Thursday in November, which fell on November 26, 1863.

Thanksgiving did not become a national holiday in the US until the fall of 1863, when President Abraham Lincoln issued a proclamation

Thanksgiving did not become a national holiday in the US until the fall of 1863, when President Abraham Lincoln issued a proclamation

The text of Abraham Lincoln’s 1863 Thanksgiving proclamation follows:

“October 3, 1863

By the President of the United States
A Proclamation

The year that is drawing toward its close has been filled with the blessings of fruitful fields and healthful skies. To these bounties, which are so constantly enjoyed that we are prone to forget the source from which they come, others have been added, which are of so extraordinary a nature that they cannot fail to penetrate and soften the heart which is habitually insensible to the ever-watchful providence of Almighty God.

In the midst of a civil war of unequaled magnitude and severity, which has sometimes seemed to foreign states to invite and provoke their aggressions, peace has been preserved with all nations, order has been maintained, the laws have been respected and obeyed, and harmony has prevailed everywhere, except in the theater of military conflict; while that theater has been greatly contracted by the advancing armies and navies of the Union.

Needful diversions of wealth and of strength from the fields of peaceful industry to the national defense have not arrested the plow, the shuttle, or the ship; the ax has enlarged the borders of our settlements, and the mines, as well of iron and coal as of the precious metals, have yielded even more abundantly than heretofore. Population has steadily increased, notwithstanding the waste that has been made in the camp, the siege, and the battlefield, and the country, rejoicing in the consciousness of augmented strength and vigor, is permitted to expect continuance of years with large increase of freedom.

No human counsel hath devised, nor hath any mortal hand worked out these great things. They are the gracious gifts of the Most High God, who while dealing with us in anger for our sins, hath nevertheless remembered mercy.

It has seemed to me fit and proper that they should be solemnly, reverently, and gratefully acknowledged as with one heart and one voice by the whole American people. I do, therefore, invite my fellow-citizens in every part of the United States, and also those who are at sea and those who are sojourning in foreign lands, to set apart and observe the last Thursday of November next as a Day of Thanksgiving and Praise to our beneficent Father who dwelleth in the heavens. And I recommend to them that, while offering up the ascriptions justly due to Him for such singular deliverances and blessings, they do also, with humble penitence for our national perverseness and disobedience, commend to His tender care all those who have become widows, orphans, mourners, or sufferers in the lamentable civil strife in which we are unavoidably engaged, and fervently implore the interposition of the Almighty hand to heal the wounds of the nation, and to restore it, as soon as may be consistent with the Divine purposes, to the full enjoyment of peace, harmony, tranquility, and union.

In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the United Stated States to be affixed.

Done at the city of Washington, this third day of October, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, and of the Independence of the United States the eighty-eighth.

Abraham Lincoln”

Clashes broke out in Warsaw between riot police and right-wing nationalists during a Polish Independence Day march.

Some of an estimated 20,000 marchers threw fireworks and bricks at police who responded with tear gas and rubber bullets.

A police spokesman said two officers were injured and several protesters were detained.

Thousands of police had been deployed to prevent the march turning violent.

Last year, at least 200 people were arrested after clashes broke out when anti-fascist groups tried to blockade the nationalists’ march.

Diverse groups including Polish patriots, nationalists and groups of football hooligans took part in Sunday’s march. Many of the young men wore scarves or balaclavas over their faces.

Nationalist marches have been growing in size on the national holiday, with leftists turning out to oppose them.

Last year’s march dwarfed its predecessors, with numbers swollen by football supporters outraged by a government clampdown on violent fans.

However, two other marches marking the day in 1918 when Poland regained its sovereignty after years of foreign rule passed without incident.

To prevent clashes this year the marches took different routes.

Polish President Bronislaw Komorowski also organized his own Independence Day march with military veterans in an attempt to reclaim the day from what he called “extremists and hooligans”.

Ahead of the march he appealed for a less polarized society.

“Today public life is poisoned by excessive rows,” Bronislaw Komorowski said.

“We should be critical, but criticism should not mean mutual destruction.”

The 11 November celebration marks the day when Poland regained its independence, 123 years after it was divided between Russia, Prussia and the Austrian Empire.

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